As the world’s largest archipelagic nation, Indonesia’s scattered geography makes infrastructure a perennial national priority.
Rising population and sustained economic growth have driven continual upgrades in transport and utilities, accelerating social progress and regional integration. Below is a concise, up-to-date survey of Indonesia’s roads, railways, aviation, maritime services, telecommunications and power sectors.
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Road Network
• Total length (2024): 548,366 km
– National highways: 47,024 km
– Provincial roads: 54,845 km
• Densest systems: Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi and Bali—home to the bulk of the population, industry and agriculture.
• Expressways: 2,489 km operational by 2021, concentrated on Java; expansion is programmed under the government’s long-term infrastructure roadmap. -
Railways
• Network length: 6,600 km nationwide
– Java: 4,684 km (≈ 72.5 %)
– Sumatra: well-served in key provinces; other large islands still embryonic.
• Flagship project: Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Rail (142 km, 350 km/h) launched in October 2023—Indonesia’s and Southeast Asia’s first HSR. -
Aviation
• Critical for inter-island and international connectivity.
• Main carriers: Garuda Indonesia, AirAsia, Lion Air.
• Principal hubs:
– Soekarno-Hatta (Jakarta)
– Juanda (Surabaya)
– Kualanamu (Medan)
– Ngurah Rai (Denpasar/Bali)
• Direct China routes: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Hong Kong ↔ Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, operated by CA, CZ, MU, MF, CX/KA and GA. -
Maritime Transport
• Ports: ~1,241 total, 33 major.
• Top container ports:
– Tanjung Priok (Jakarta): ~4.2 million TEU/year
– Tanjung Perak (Surabaya): ~1.4 million TEU/year
• Policy shift: PPP/BOT models now welcome private capital to boost capacity and global competitiveness. -
Telecommunications
• Internet users (2023): 216 million (+2.67 % YoY).
• Penetration is broad, but average speeds remain modest.
• Key operators: Telkomsel (largest domestic), Indosat (largest foreign-invested). -
Power Supply
• Installed capacity (2023): 91.17 GW (+8.8 %).
• Electricity generated: 350,609 GWh (+5.1 %).
• Strategy: diversify generation mix and expand renewables to meet future demand.
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Next issue: Indonesia Economic Outlook 2025 (Part IV): Development Planning.
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